I am happy to introduce the DECOLONIZATION initiative and share a related “working” bibliography.

In an October 2021 interview, Guyana-born, Cambridge University Professor of Global History, Dr. Richard Drayton stated:

“Well decolonisation, first, is a historical problem… So, decolonisation as a classical problem is looking at that 20th century story of how countries around the world moved towards political independence. Apart from this classical political historical problem of decolonisation, there is the larger subject of how the forms of economies, cultures, and societies – which were organised by the European empires as a system of domination and exploitation – are to be transformed, destroyed, dismantled, and revised to produce a world in which human beings, wherever they are, whatever their cast of body or language or mind, shall have equal capacities to grow and to flourish. This larger programme of decolonisation is a much more difficult task than change of political sovereignty. Decolonisation in this larger sense becomes a question of addressing the ways in which forms of inequality which were constructed by the European empires can be dismantled.” (Richard Drayton, October 2021)

Our goal is to be civil and respectful as we inventorize Guyana’s efforts at decolonization since the emancipation of enslaved African in 1838; examine reasons for success and failure; and consider approaches to decolonization that could be adopted by an emerging oil-rich state with a fragile democracy.

At its core, it is an initiative that seeks to stimulate and sustain an evidence-based conversation about national efforts, particularly since 1966 aimed at dismantling the “forms of inequality which were constructed by European colonialism.” 

The study of Guyana’s decolonization efforts is to identify what has worked and why? As it is about what did not work and why? 

Answers to these questions must be based on rigorous research! Thus, an evidence-based conversation. 

The already known story shows that at independence, both mass parties (Burnham’s People’s National Congress and Jagan’s People’s Progressive Party) shared common views on the nature and scope of the decolonization project. The task was beyond the national anthem, flag, and motto. The contours of the post-independence decolonization efforts were drawn during the dramatic anti-colonial struggle of the 1950s. 

This congruence between the PNC and the PPP in 1966 remained in place through to 1992, although it may have drifted during the Hoyte years (1985-1992). This congruence was maintained by subscription to the ideology of Socialism and Marxism-Leninism practices in political organization and the practice of politics.  

Guyana at the end of 2021 appears to be a fundamentally different place than it was in 1966. The ethos of the “collective” which animated political conversations in 1966 has receded. Today, the “collective” is unashamedly ethnic and the people seemingly committed to the ideology of individualism and high consumption of dubious quality imported goods. 

So, the DECOLONIZATION initiative provides an opportunity to have conversations, sometimes very specialized conversation such as—what kind of decolonization polices should an oil rich former colony have in the 21st century? 

At its heart, DECOLONIZATION is a participatory research initiative.  As is stated on the associated Facebook page:  

“From time to time, the administrators of this page will seek partnerships to organize special events such as webinars, face-to-face conference to share accumulated knowledge and encourage research and praxis.” 

Please open and review the BIBLIOGRAPHY. It is a work in progress.  It represents what is currently accessible to me via private collection, OHIO’s library collection, and various online archival sources, including those in Guyana, the USA, and U.K.

Please send me an email (cambridg@ohio.edu) with any titles/publications (books, pamphlets, audio recordings, video recordings, songs, films, etc.) that you think should be in a bibliography related to the Guyanese decolonization experience since 1838, particularly since independence in 1966.

Peace,

Vibert C. Cambridge, A.A., Ph.D.

January 29, 2022.

Working Bibliography

This bibliography is a work in progress.  It represents what is currently accessible to me via private collection, OHIO’s library collection, and various online archival sources, including those in Guyana, the USA, and U.K.

Adi, H. Pan-Africanism and Communism.  The Communist International, Africa and the Diaspora, 1919-1939.  New Jersey:  Africa World Press, 2013

Archer, M.  The Dark Horse.  Letters from the campaign trail. Self-published (Amazon), 2021.

Benn, D. The Caribbean:  An Intellectual History, 1774 – 2003.  Kingston, Jamaica:  Ian Randle Publishers, 2004.

Bernard, D.  A New Geography of Guyana.  London:  Macmillan Caribbean, 1999.

Bhattacharya, R.  The Sly Company of People Who Care.  New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011.

Browne, C.  Backtracking Through Georgetown, Guyana.  Pittsburg, PA:  Rose Dog Books, 2006.

Burnham, L.F.S.  Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham O.E., S.C. National Assembly Speeches, Volume 1 (1957-1958).  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2012.

——————–. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham O.E., S.C. National Assembly Speeches, Volume 2 (1959-1961).  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2012.

——————–. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham O.E., S.C. National Assembly Speeches, Volume 3 (1961-1962).  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2012.

——————–. A Destiny to Mould:  Selected Discourses by the Prime Minister of Guyana.  London:  Longman Caribbean, 1970.

—————-.  Planning for A New Era.  Address by Party Leader Forbes Burnham People’s National Congress 13th Annual Delegates Congress April 1970 Queen’s College.  Georgetown:  People’s National Congress, 1970.

——————-.  The Challenge. 1972.

——————-.  Perform Now Comrades:  The National Revolution in Guyana.  Address by Prime Minister Forbes Burnham, Leader of the People’s National Congress, at the 15th Annual Delegates’ Congress, 9th April, 1972.  Georgetown, 1972.

——————-.  Address by the Hon L.F.S. Burnham, Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on the occasion of the opening of the CONFERENCE OF FOREIGN MINISTERS OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES, Turkeyen Hall, University of Guyana 8th August, 1972.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

——————. Declaration of Sophia.  Address by the Leader of the People’s National Congress, Prime Minister Forbes Burnham at a Special Congress to Mark the 10th Anniversary of the PNC in Government [14th December 1974].  Georgetown:  People’s National Congress, n.d. 1975.

——————.  In the Cause of Humanity.  Prime Minister of Guyana’s Address at Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1975, on the New International Economic Order. Georgetown, 1975.

——————.  Symbol of Freedom.  Address by Party Leader of the People’s National Congress, Prime Minister Comrade Forbes Burnham, O.E., S.C. at the Unveiling of the 1763 Monument on May 23, 1976.  Georgetown:  Office of the Prime Minister, 1976.

—————–. The Pursuit of Perfection.  Address to the Nation by Comrade L.F.S. Burnham, Leader of the People’s National Congress, Prime Minister of Guyana on the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of Independence, National Park, May 25, 1976.  Georgetown, n.d.

—————–.  Rally for Victory.  Address by Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., leader of the People’s National Congress and Prime Minister of Guyana, on the occasion of the Twelfth Anniversary of the People’s National Congress in Government, at the Rally at the Sanata Textile Mill Site, Ruimveldt Industrial Estate, on Tuesday, December 14, 1976.  Georgetown, n.d. ca, 1977.

—————-.  Forbes Burnham Speaks of Human Rights.  An Address to Parliament by Cde. L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, 14th February 1980.  Georgetown:  Office of the Prime Minister, 1980.

—————-.  To Build a New World.  Speech by Comrade L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, at the Sith Conference of Non-Aligned Countries, in Havana, Cuba, on Tuesday 4th September 1979.  Georgetown:  Publications Division, Ministry of Information, Reprinted July 1980.

—————–.  Dawn of a New Era.  Address by President Burnham on the occasion of the 11th Anniversary of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on February 23, 1981 at the National Park.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, May 1981.

—————–.  The Struggle for Human Dignity.  Address at the International Forum on the Liberation of Southern Africa.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, April 1981.

—————–.  Charting Our Destiny.  Address by His Excellency Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at the Ceremonial Opening of the Second Session of the Fourth Parliament of Guyana Friday 22nd January 1982.  Georgetown:  The Office of the President, January 1982. 

——————.  Address by Cde. L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the First Session of the Supreme Congress of the People at the National Cultural Center, Georgetown on Friday, December 10, 1982.  Georgetown: n.d.

——————. Address to the First Session of the Supreme Congress of the People at the National Cultural Center, Georgetown on Friday, December 10, 1982.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, n.d. ca, 1983.

——————.  A Policy for Survival.  Addresses by L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana.  Georgetown:  Political Division, Office of the President, 1983.

——————-.  No Turning Back.  Address to the Nation by His Excellency Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on the Occasion of the Thirteenth Anniversary of the Republic.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1983.

——————.  To Struggle for a Peaceful World. Address by Comrade L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at the State Banquet in Honor of Comrade Vidoje Zarkovic, Member of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, State House, April 17, 1983.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, April 1983.

——————-.  Let us use our Resources.  Address to the Nation by His Excellency Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on the occasion of the 14th Anniversary of the Republic, February 23, 1984. Georgetown: 1984.

——————-.  In Defence of National sovereignty and Peace.  Addresses by L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Closing Session of the GCSP Congress and Solidarity Meeting of Peace Forces of Latin America and the Caribbean held at Sophia Auditorium, Monday, April 16, 1984.  Georgetown: n.d.

——————-.  Will to Survive.  Address by the Leader of the People’s National Congress His Excellency Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at the Fifth Biennial Congress of the People’s National Congress at Sophia, Georgetown 14 – 21 August 1983. Georgetown. 2nd edition.  Georgetown:  Political Division, Office of the President, 1983.

——————-.  Justice for the Guyanese Working Class.  Address by His Excellency Cde.  L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and President General of the Guyana Labour Union to the Guyana Labour Union’s 16th Biennial Delegates’ Conference, Sophia Convention Center, November 9, 1984.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1984. 

——————-.  The Development of Our Nation.  Address to the Second Session of the Supreme Congress of the People at the National Cultural Center, Georgetown on Friday, December 16, 1983. Georgetown:  Office of the President, n.d. ca, 1984.

——————–.  Brighter Horizons.  President’s Address to the Third Session of the First Supreme Congress of the People.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, December 1984.

———————.  Our Youth. Our Women. Our Strength.  Address to the Nation by His Excellency Comrade L.F.S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., President of the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana on the Occasion of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Republic.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1985.

Burnham, V.  “Freedom!  Ours to Cherish Ours to Defend.”  Feature address delivered on the occasion of the Fifth Biennial Convention of the Women’s Revolutionary Socialist Movement, Sophia Convention Center, Georgetown, Guyana, August 1984.  Georgetown:  WRSN, 1984.

Cambridge, V.  “Sweet Drink:  A preliminary exploration of the history of nonalcoholic carbonated beverages in Guyana, 1870-2020.” A sixteen-part series published in Sunday Stabroek (June -October 2021).  All installment available online.

—————–.  “The Art of the Lime,” Ubique Utiles.  Georgetown, Guyana: Queen’s College 175th Anniversary Planning Committee, 2019, pp.  38 -45

—————–.  Valerie Muriel Rodway, CCH, LRSM, 1919 – 1970. Georgetown, Guyana: Ministry of the Presidency, 2019.

—————–.  Musical Life in Guyana:  History and Politics of Controlling Creativity.  Jackson:  University Press of Mississippi, 2015.

—————–.  “Guyanese music in the Twentieth Century.” Ku’wai.  Issue 1: December 2014, pp 58 -61.

———————. “The Queen’s College Assembly Hall/Auditorium:  1951 – 1976.” Laude, Georgetown, Guyana:  Queen’s College 170th Anniversary Planning Committee, 2014, pp. 7 – 16.

———————. “The women who built QC’s musical heritage.” Laude, Georgetown, Guyana:  Queen’s College 170th Anniversary Planning Committee, 2014, pp. 26 – 30.

———————.  Sustaining Guyanese Culture in the era of Globalization:  Music and the Techno-Optimist.  The Inaugural Republic Lecture.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports, n.d.

—————–. Immigration, diversity, and broadcasting in the United States, 1990-2001. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2005.

—————–.  Mass media entertainment and human resources development:  Radio serials in Jamaica from 1962.  Athens, OH:  Ohio University Unpublished dissertation, 1989.

—————–.  Excuse Me!  May I Offer Some Interpretations.  Toronto:  WACACRO Productions, 1975.

Cameron, N.  The Evolution of the Negro (Volume 1).  Georgetown, Demerara, 1929.

—————-.  Editor.  Guyanese Poetry:  Covering the 100-year period 1831-1931.  British Guiana, self-published 1931.  Reprint, Nendeln:  Kraus-Thompson Organization Ltd., 1970.

—————–.  Adventures in the Field of Culture.  Georgetown, Guyana: self-published (printed by the Daily Chronicle), 1971.

Campbell, J.  Sugar Cane, Hackia Sticks and Bullets:  Resistance to the Plantation System in Guyana.  N.d.

—————. A History of Policing in Guyana. Georgetown, Guyana Police Force, 1987

Carew, J.  Children of the Sun.  Georgetown:  Guyana Book Foundation, 2009.

Carifesta’ 72.  All kinds of Folk.  A Guyanese Welcome to Carifesta Guests at the National Cultural Center on Friday, August 25, 1972. National Park on Thursday, August 31, 1972.  Georgetown:  Georgetown:  Carifesta Secretariat, 1972.

Carter, M.  Man and Making -Victim and Vehicle being the text of the Edgar Mittelholzer Memorial Lectures.  Georgetown:  National History and Arts Council, Ministry of Information and Culture, 1971.

————-.  Poems of Resistance from Guyana.  Georgetown:  RELEASE, 1979.

Center for Communication Studies.  Virtual Politics.  The Internet and Guyana’s 2011 Election:  Basic Research by Final Year Degree Students of the Center for Communication Studies, University of Guyana.  Turkeyen, Guyana:  Center for Communication Studies, University of Guyana, 2011.

Chandisingh, R. “The State, the Economy, and Type of Rule in Guyana:  An Assessment of Guyana’s “Socialist Revolution.”  Latin American Perspectives 10. No. 4 (Autumn 1983” 59 – 67).

Chase, Ashton.  The History of Trade Unions in Guyana 1900-1961.  Georgetown, British Guiana: self-published, 1964.

——————-.  Guyana:  A Nation In Transit Burnham’s Role.  Guyana:  Self-published, 1994.

Chase, Audrey.  Striving Towards Unity:  A History of the National Association of Agricultural, Commercial, and Industrial Employees (formerly Sugar Estates Clerks’ Association).  Georgetown, 1971.

Collymore, C.  Bitter Sugar and the Working People!  Georgetown: People’s Progressive Party, 1984.

Committee of Concerned Christians.  The Church and National Reconstruction. Georgetown:  Concerned Christians, March 1985.

Cruickshank, James G.  Scenes from the History of the Africans in Guyana.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1999.

Dabydeen, David.  Editor.  Cheddi Jagan.  Selected Speeches 1992 – 1994.  London:  HANSIB, 1995.

Dabydeen, David and Brinsley Samaroo.  India in the Caribbean.  London: HANSIB, 2006

D’Aguiar, Peter S.  Budget Speech 1966.  Georgetown:  Government Printery, 5th April 1966.

Daly, Vere T.  The Making of Guyana.  London:  Macmillan Education Limited, 1974.

DaSilva, S.  Fuelling Food Security.  Address delivered by Cde. Simpson DA Silva, Minister withing the Ministry of Agriculture, at the Marketing and Extension Center, Parika, on the Occasion of World Food Day October 16, 1984.  Georgetown, n.d. 1984.

De Barros, J.  Order and Peace in a Colonial City:  Patterns of Struggle and resistance in Georgetown, British Guiana, 1889-1924.  Canada:  McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002.

De Pena, G.  As I See It.  Thirteen articles on Industrial Relations Problems and other Related Matters.  1971.

Dolphin, C.  The Burnham Stride:  Four (20 minute) TAE Broadcasts in Honor of the 60th Birthday of His Excellency the President Cde. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham.  Georgetown:  Talking About Education, 1964.

————–. Editor.  Kaie:  Burnham: Reviews and Reminiscences.  No. 18, November 1985.  Georgetown:  Department of Culture, 1985.

Drayton, H.  An Accidental Life.  London:  HANSIB, 2017.

Drayton, R.  Interview on decolonization.  Available online at:  https://www.latamkcl.co.uk/elcortao/decolonising-history-project-interview-with-dr-richard-drayton-12

Fanon, F.  Wretched of the Earth.  New York, Grove Press, 1963.  (pdf available at:  https://canvas.vt.edu/courses/23718/files/886914)

Fenty, Alan A.  Stories of Protest.  Georgetown:  Guyana National Service Publishing Center, 1978.

Freire, P.  Pedagogy of the Oppressed.  1970.  (pdf available online at https://www.bing.com/search?q=pedagogy+of+the+oppressed+by+paulo+freire+pdf&qs=RI&pq=paulo+freire+pedagogy+of+the+oppressed+pdf&sk=HS1&sc=4-42&cvid=2033B8708F4B4007AFCD4012E42EF893&FORM=QBRE&sp=2)

GBTI.  A Dome Full of History.  Georgetown:  GBTI, n.d.

Phillips. T.  The Nation Builders:  A Dome Mural in Guyana.  Self-published (Amazon), 2021.

Gaddafi, M.  The Green Book. 

Gibson, Kean.  The Cycle of Racial Oppression in Guyana.  Maryland:  University Press of America, Inc., 2003

Granger, D. A.  Press Independence in Guyana:  An historical survey of the evolution of the press and an assessment of its Independence, 1793 – 1966 (DRAFT).  Cooke Park, Maryland:  College of Journalism, My 1996.

——————-.  The Alienation of the African-Guyanese People.  Text of an Address delivered on the occasion of the 10th Anniversary Conference of the Pan-African Movement (Guyana Branch) held on 28 August 1998 at the Woodbine Hotel, Georgetown.  Georgetown:  Self-published, 1998.

Granger, D.A., and Améra Jones.  New Guyanese Publications.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1997.

Granger, David A. and Nigel D. Westmaas.  Guyanese Periodicals.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1999.

Granger, D. A.  Hopeless Children.  An African-Guyanese Catastrophe. Georgetown:  Self-published, 2000.

——————.  Five-Thousand Day War:  The Struggle for Haiti’s Independence, 1789 – 1804.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2004.

Granger, D.A. Editor.  Milestones in Village History.  A Series of Six Radio Talks by Allan Young.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2007.

—————–.  Guyana’s Coinage.  A Brief Survey of Coinage in Guyana, 1808 – 2008. Georgetown:  Free Press, 2008.

—————-.  Guyana’s Periodicals.  A Brief Survey of the Periodical Press, 1796 – 2006.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2008.

—————-.  The Rupununi Rebellion.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2009.

—————-.  The defence of the New River.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2009.

——————.  The security of small states in the international system. Georgetown:  Ministry of the Presidency, 2015.

——————–.  Democracy and development:  Guyana’s path to prosperity.  Georgetown:  Ministry of the Presidency, 2015.

———————.  Women in Guyana:  The unfinished business of achieving women’s equality.  Georgetown:  Ministry of the Presidency, 2015.

———————.  Social cohesion and political inclusion.  Strengthening society, forging national unity.  Georgetown:  Ministry of the Presidency, 2015.

——————–.  Guyana’s indigenous people.  Identity, inclusivity and prosperity.  Georgetown:  Ministry of the Presidency, 2015.

Green, Hamilton.  Georgetown:  An Anthology of Georgetown-Guyana and a piece of the world.  Georgetown: self-published, c. 2002.

Guyana Commemoration Commission.  150 Years of Human Development.  Programme for Ceremony to Launch Activities to Commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery, Wednesday August 1, 1984, Parliament Buildings, Georgetown.  Georgetown:  Guyana Commemoration Commission, 1984. 

Guyana Committee for Solidarity and Peace.  In the Struggle for the Liberation of Southern Africa.  Georgetown:  Government of Guyana and Guyana Committee for Solidarity and Peace, n.d. ca, 1981.

—————————————————-.  Documents of Solidarity Meeting of Peace Forces of Latin America and the Caribbean April 13 – 16, 1984.  Georgetown:  Guyana Committee for Solidarity and Peace, December 1984.

Guyana Human Rights Association.  Guyana Human Rights Report 1984.  Georgetown:  Guyana Human Rights Association, 1984.

Guyana Information Service.  The ABC of the 1966 – 1972 Development Programme.  Georgetown:  Guyana Information Service, Office of the Prime Minister, 1966.

———————————-.  Guyana in Brief.  Georgetown:  Ministry o Information, Culture and Youth, 1973.

Guyana National Service.  This is GNS.  Georgetown:  Communication Division, 1980.

Hajdu, D.  The Ten-Cent Plague.  The Great Comic-Book Scare and How it Changed America.  New York:  Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.

Harry, C.  Critichlow:  A Legend That Is.  Georgetown, December 18, 1984.

Haynes, P.  Beyond Bourda Green.  USA:  Self-published, 2011.

Heath, R.  The Armstrong Trilogy.  New York:  Persea Books, 1994.

Hergash, Harry T.  A Collection of Indian-Guyanese Words and Phrases and their Meanings.  Canada:  Self-published, 2013. 

Heywood, C. T.  I was There.  My Stint in the Guyana National Service. Georgetown:  self-published, 2004.

Hilty, Steven L.  Birds of Venezuela.  2nd Edition.  Princeton:  Princeton University Press, 2003.

Hinds, David.  Race and Political Discourse in Guyana.  A Conversation with African Guyanese in the presence and hearing of Indian Guyanese.  Georgetown:  Guyana-Caribbean Politics Publications, 2004.

Hoyte, H. D.  Education for Development. Edited version of the Address by Cde. Desmond Hoyte, Minister of Economic Development and Co-operatives on the Occasion of the 94th annual Delegates conference of the Guyana Teachers Association on Wednesday, 12th April, 1978. Georgetown, 1978,

————-.  Budget Speech 1979.  Georgetown:  12th March 1979.

————-. Budget Speech 1980.  Georgetown:  8thApril, 1980.

————-. A Major National Institution on the Move.  Short Address delivered by Comrade Desmond Hoyte Minister of Economic Development and Co-operatives at the Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Guyana Manufacturers’ Association.  Georgetown:  Publications Division, Ministry of Information, December 1980.

———–.  Budget Speech 1981.  Georgetown:  20th February 1981.

————–. Guyana’s Upper-Mazaruni Hydro-Electric Project:  Guyana’s answer to a Venezuelan representation to the World Bank.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Economic Planning and Finance, 1981.

————–.  Will to Survive.  Budget Speech 1983.  Georgetown, 15th February 1983.

————–.  We Can, We Must, We Will.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., Leader of the People’s National Congress and President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Sixth Biennial Congress of the People’s National Congress at Sophia Convention Center, Monday, August 19, 1985.  Georgetown, 1985.

—————.  My First Sixty Days in Office.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, October 1985.

—————.  Moving Our Nation Forward.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at the Opening of the Flag Raising Ceremony, In Honour of the Sixteenth Anniversary of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at Square of the revolution Saturday February 22, 1986.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1986.  . 

————–.  Stand Up For Guyana.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on the Occasion of the Twentieth Anniversary of Independence at the Square of the Revolution on Friday, May 23, 1986.

—————.  Twenty Years of Nation Building.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on the Occasion of the Twentieth Anniversary of Independence at the Square of the Revolution on Friday, May 23, 1986. Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1986.

—————.  Welcome Address Seventh Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community by His Excellency Cde. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on 1st July, 1986.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1986.

—————.  The Economy – The Diplomatic Effort.  Address by President Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., at the Opening of the Heads of Mission Conference, Friday July 11, 1986 – Sophia Auditorium.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1986.

—————.  South Africa and Namibia Must Be Free.  Addresses to the Eight Non-Aligned Summit, Harare [September]1986.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1986.

—————.  Economic Independence Creativity and Self-Reliance.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana in Honour of the Seventeenth Anniversary of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana at the Square of the Revolution Sunday, February 22, 1987.Georgetown:  February 22, 1987.

————–.  2nd Edition.  Welcome Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Special Ministerial Meeting of the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries on Latin American and the Caribbean at the National Cultural Center Georgetown, Tuesday, March 10, 1987.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1987.

—————.  Good Neighbours. President’s Address to the Fourth Sitting of the First Session (1986/1987) of the Second Supreme Congress of the People, Friday April 3, 1987 at the National Cultural Center.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1987.

Hoyte, H.D., Harris, G.  Peace, Love and Unity.  Addresses by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., Leader of the People’s National Congress and President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and Reverend Gilbert Harris, Chairman of the President’s Advisory Committee on Religious Affairs to the First Inter-Religious Assembly at the National Cultural Center on April 13, 1986.

————–.  Caricom – Alive and Vigorous.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Sixth Sitting of the First Session of the Second Supreme Congress of the People at the National Cultural Center July 9, 1987.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1987.

—————-.  Economic Strength Thru’ Diplomacy.  Address by His Excellency, CDE. Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to the Opening of the Heads of Mission Conference, Friday, July 17, 1987 – Sophia Auditorium. Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1987.

—————–.  Reaching our Boldly for Progress.  Address by Hugh Desmond Hoyte, S.C., Leader of the People’s National Congress to the Seventh Biennial Congress of the People’s National Congress at Sophia Convention Center Tuesday, August 11, 1987.  Georgetown, 1987.

—————-.  Address to the Twelfth Sitting of the First Session of the Second Supreme Congress of the People on Monday, 30th May 1988.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, May 1988.

—————-. Address to the Sixteenth Sitting of the First Session of the Second Supreme Congress of the People on 11th October 1988.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, October 1988.

—————–.  New Year Message to the Nation 1989.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, 1989.

——————.  Guyana’s Economic Recovery:  Leadership, Will Power and Vision.  Selected Speeches of Hugh Desmond Hoyte.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1997.

Irwin, Dorothy.  Years of High Hopes:  A portrait of British Guiana 1952 – 1956, from an American family’s letters home.  The Letters of Marian and Howard Irwin.  London:  Hansib, 2016.

Ishmael, O.  The Guyana Story from Earliest Times to Independence.  USA:  Xlibris, 2013.

Jackson, Rashleigh R.  The Struggle for a Secure Peace.  Text of some addresses given during April – October 1980, including address before United Nations General Assembly.  January 1981.

Jagan, C.  The West on Trial.  The Fight for Guyana’s Freedom.  Berlin:  Seven Seas Publishers, 1980.

—————.  Forbidden Freedom:  The Story of British Guiana. 3rd Edition.  London:  Hansib, 1994.

—————–. PPP Struggles for TUC Freedom:  Selected Materials on Guyana’s Labour Movement.  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, June 1985.

—————-.  Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 1. Fourth Legislative Council (1947-1951).  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————-. Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 2. Fourth Legislative Council (1952-1953). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————-. Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 3. Fourth Legislative Council and Senate (1959-1964). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————. Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 4 (1966-1968). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————–.  Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 5 (1969-1972). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————-. Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 6 (1976-1980). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

—————. Cheddi Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 7 (1981-1987). Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2011.

Jagan, J.  Janet Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 1.  The Legislative Council 1957-1961 & Senate 1963-1964.  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2013.

————.  Janet Jagan: National Assembly Speeches Volume 2.  The Legislative Council 1976-1978.  Guyana:  The Caribbean Press, 2013.

Jeter, J. P., Ramphal, K. R., Cambridge, V. C., & Pratt, C. International Afro Mass Media. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.

John, E.B.  Being Personal with Sugar.  Georgetown:  Unpublished manuscript, 2010.

Jonas, Joyce.  Editor.  Sportsmen & Sportsmanship:  Selected articles by Pryor Jonas. Georgetown:  Self-published, 2007.

Joseph, Cedric L.  Anglo-American Diplomacy and the Re-opening of the Guyana-Venezuela Boundary Controversy, 1961 – 1966.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1998.

Josiah, Barbara P.  Migration, Mining, and the African Diaspora:  Guyana in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.  New York:  Palgrave Press, 2011.

Killikelly, Aulene.  Cooking with Farine.  Georgetown, n.d.

Kim Il Sung.  On The Juche Idea.  North Korea, 1982.

King, Sydney (Kwayana, Eusi).  Next Witness:  An Appeal to World Opinion.  Commentary on the Commission of Inquiry into Disturbances in British Guiana in February 1962.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1999.

Kwayana, Eusi.  Guyana.  No Guilty Race.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2008.

Kwayana, Eusi and Tchaiko Kwayana.  Scars of Bondage:  A First Study of the Slave Colonial Experience of Africans in Guyana.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 2002.

Kyk-Over-Al.  A Martin Carter Sampler.  Special Issue 33, May 1993.

Landowner [John Brummell].  British Guiana.  Demerara after 15 years of Freedom.  London:  T. Bosworth (215, Regent Street), 1853.

Lindsay, Louis.  The Myth of a Civilizing Mission:  British Colonialism and the Politics of Symbolic Manipulation.  Working Paper No. 31.  Jamaica:  Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1981.

Loncke, Joycelynne.  Editor. Proceedings of the International Round Table to Commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery in the Anglophone Caribbean.  Georgetown, Guyana:  Guyana Commemoration Commission, 1985.

Majeed, Halim.  Forbes Burnham:  National Reconciliation and National Unity.  New York:  Global Communications, 2005.

Malott, C.  “How Amílcar Cabral shaped Paulo Freire’s pedagogy.” New Frame (Tuesday, 5 October 2021).  Available online.  Retrieved October 5, 2021.

Mattai, Bansraj.  Hinduism.  On the Nature of Religious Experience, Moral and Spiritual Values, and Human Conduct.  Denver, Colorado:  Outskirts Press, 2009.

Matthews, L.  English-Speaking Caribbean Immigrants:  Transnational Identities.  USA:  UPA, 2013.

McGowan, W.  The Demerara Revolt.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1998.

——————–. A Survey of Guyanese History. Georgetown, Guyana:  Guyenterprise, 2018.

Mc Gowan W, James Rose, and David Grange.  Editors. Themes in African Guyanese History. Georgetown:  Free Press, 1998.

McIntyre, Alister.  Aspects of Organisational Change, External Debt and Trade in Guyana in the Context of Adjustment.  Statement by Mr. Alister McIntyre, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) at a ceremony marking the Firs Presentation of the President’s Awards to Private Sector Industries at the National Cultural Center on Saturday, December 12, 1987.  Georgetown:  1987.

Menezes, M. N. St.  “Some Preliminary Thoughts on Portuguese Emigration from Madeira to British Guiana.”  Kyk-Over-Al, No. 30, December 1984, pp. 45 -46.

———————–.  Scenes from the History of the Portuguese in Guyana. (150th Anniversary Publication). London:  Self-published, 1986.

———————–.  The Portuguese of Guyana:  A Study in Culture and Conflict. N.d.

Ministry of Education.  Cyril Potter College of Education Reflections Celebration the past, chartering a brighter future:  A compilation of the occasion to celebrate the 26th graduating class of the former Government Training College 50th graduation anniversary.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Education, n.d.

Ministry of Information.  Food Security.  Towards National Security.  Georgetown:  Publications Unit, Ministry of Information, 1982.

—————————–.  Food – From Garden to Table. Georgetown:  Publications Unit, Ministry of Information, January 1984.

—————————–.  But Will They Let Us.  Georgetown:  Publications Unit, Ministry of Information, November 1984.

—————————–.  Symbols of Nationhood.  Georgetown:  Publications Unit, Ministry of Information, November 1986.

Ministry of National Development & Agriculture.  The Soesdyke-Linden Highway Project:  Agriculture Development Programme.  Series 1 The Mobilissa Settlement.  Georgetown:  Ministry of National Development & Agriculture, May 1974.

Moore, Brian.  Cultural Power Resistance and Pluralism:  Colonial Guyana 1838-1900.  Jamaica:  University Press of the West Indies, 1995.

Moore, Robert.   “Colonial Images of Blacks and Indians in Nineteenth Century Guyana” in Bridget Brereton and Kevin A. Yelvington. Editors. The Colonial Caribbean in Transition.  Essays on PostEmancipation Social and Cultural History.  Jamaica & Gainesville:  The Press of the University of the West Indies and University Press of Florida, 1999.

Morgan, C.  Lt. Colonel. Various Facebook “photo memoir/essays” on his experiences in the Guyana Defence Force.  He was one of its founding officers. (current).

National History and Arts Council.  10 Independence.  Guyanese Writing 1966 – 1976.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Information and Culture, 1976.

Nehusi, K.  A People’s Political History of Guyana 1838 – 1964.  U.K.:  Hansib, 2018.

Nkofi, A.  Rebirth of the Black Man.  N.d. ca, 1992.

Nyerere, J. The Arusha Declaration and TANU’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance. Tanzania:  TANU, 1967

Office of the General Secretary People’s National Congress and Ministry of National Development.  Principle of Authority.  Georgetown:  People’s National Congress, n.d. circa 1985.

Office of the President.  Edible Oil from Wild Nuts.  Georgetown:  Office of the President, August 1984.

Official Programme.  Drum Head Service on Sunday 27 September 1981 at 1600 hrs on Culture Center Tarmac.

Official Programme.  Rally to Celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the People’s National Congress in Govt. at Guyana Glass Works (Yarrowkabra), Sunday, 16th December 1984 at 10:00 hrs.  Theme 20years of Development Progress Never Ceases.”

Official Programme.  Republic Anniversary 1985.  Friday, 22nd February 1985, 20:00 hrs.

Official Programme.  INVESTITURE Under the ORDERS OF GUYANA.  The Lawns of the Residence, 1985-05-06, 18:30 hours – 21:30 hours.

Official Program:  The State Funeral of Cde. L.F. S. Burnham, O.E., S.C., 1923 – 1985, Leader of the People’s National Congress and President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on Sunday, 11th August 1985.

Official Programme: Souvenir Programme People’s National Congress 6th Biennial Congress August 18 – 25, National Exhibition Park, Sophia. 

Official Programme.  The Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the America:  The Guyana District Memorial Service.  The Late Comrade Leader Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, O.E., S.C. First President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, Trinity Methodist Church, Georgetown, Sunday September 1, 1985-16:00 hrs.

Official Programme.  Delegates Handbook.  Seventh Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, July 1 -4, 1986. 

Official Programme.  Press Handbook.  Seventh Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, July 1 -4, 1986. 

Official Programme.  Social Programme. Seventh Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, July 1 -4, 1986. 

Official Programme.  Guyana Twenty-Five Years Later:  Important aspects of Political History, Economy and Popular Culture in Guyana 1966 – 1991. The Washington Marriott Hotel 1221-22nd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C, May 25, 1991.

“Sugar and the People,” Open Word, No. 220, Monday, May 12, 1986

People’s National Congress.  Why We’re Backing Burnham and the P.N.C.  Georgetown:  People’s National Congress, 1980.

———————————.  Party Constitution and Meeting Companion.  Georgetown:  People’s National Congress, n.d. circa 1983.

———————————-. Meeting Companion.

———————————-.  Program for Rally to Celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the People’s National Congress in Govt. At Guyana Glass Works (Yarrowkabra) on Sunday, December 16, 1984. Georgetown:  PNC, 1984.

———————————.  2nd Edition (Revised).  The Nation Supports President Hoyte and the P.N.C. Guyana Elections 1985. Georgetown, 1985.

———————————–.  The Working People’s Alliance’s Eusi Kwayana Speaks.  Georgetown:  Public Communication Unit People’s National Congress, November 1985.

People’s Progressive Party.  The Abolition of Slavery 1834 – 1984.  Thunder, Third Quarter 1984 Vol 1. No.3.  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, 1984.

——————————-.  The Crisis and Its Solution.  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, February 1985.

—————————–.  For a Revolutionary Democratic Alliance:  Speeches by TUC President, TUC General Secretary, Hon. President—GAWU.  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, June 1985.

——————————. Yes To Marxism!  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, February 1986.

——————————-.  The PPP and the Private Sector.  Georgetown:  People’s Progressive Party, n.d.

Premium Bonds Committee.  Defence Premium Bonds and YOU:  For Defence and Development.  Questions and Answers.

Reid, P.A.  Budget Speech 1968.  Georgetown:  Government Printery, 1968.

————–.  Emerging Inter-Dependence.  Statement by Comrade Ptolemy Reid, O.E., Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana on Thursday September 24, 1981 in the General Debate of the XXXVI Session of the United Nations General Assembly.  Georgetown:  Publications Division, Ministry of Information, 1981.

————.  A Struggle for Dignity.  Address delivered by Dr. P.A. Reid, O.E., M.P., Prime Minister of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, at the Commemoration Service as Part of the 1981 Observances of the Enmore Martyrs’ Day on Sunday, June 14, at Enmore Estate, East Coast Demerara.  Georgetown:  Publications Unit, Ministry of Information, February 1982. 

————-.  Beyond the Century 1884 – 1984.  Georgetown: Office of the Prime Minister, 1984.

Ramkarran, Ralph.  “Rudisa and the governance of Guyana,” Stabroek News, May 18, 2014.

Ramphal, S.   “Postscript.”  Time for Action:  Report of the West Indian Commission.  Jamaica:  The Press-University of the West Indies, 1993.

Richards-Greaves, G.  Rediasporization:  African-Guyanese Kweh-Kweh.  Jackson:  University of Mississippi Press, 2020.

Ridley, Stan.  “Music and Drama at Queen’s College:  The 1950s 1960s and after.” Ubique Utiles, Georgetown, Guyana:  Queen’s College 175th Anniversary Planning Committee, 2019, pp.  17 – 32.

Robinson, Donald.  The Arbitrators. Georgetown:  Publications Division, Ministry of Information, September 1981.

Rodney, Walter.  Editor.  Guyanese Sugar Plantations in the Late Nineteenth Century.  A Contemporary Description from the Argosy.  Georgetown:  RELEASE, 1979.

Rodney, W.  A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881-1905.  Baltimore & London:  The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.

———————.  Kofi Baadu out of Africa.  Georgetown, 1980

Rohee, C.  My Story, My Song. Self-published (Amazon), 2021

Salkey, Andrew.  Georgetown Journal.  A Caribbean Writer’s Journey from London via Port of Spain to Georgetown, Guyana, 1970.  London:  New Beacon Ltd., 1972.

Sancho, T. Anson.  The Guyana Venezuela Territorial Dispute:  An Epic Poem.  Georgetown:  Self-published, 1972.

Searwar, L. Editor.  Co-operative Republic Guyana 1970 A Study of Aspects of our Way of Life.  Georgetown, Guyana:  Ministry of Education, June 1970.

Seecharan, C.  India and the Shaping of the Indo-Guyanese Imagination 1890-1920s. Leeds:  University of Warwick and Peepal Tree Press, 1993.

—————–.  Sweetening Bitter Sugar:  Jock Campbell, the Booker Reformer in British Guiana, 1934-1966.  Kingston, Jamaica:  Ian Randle Publishers, 2005.

——————.  Muscular Learning.  Cricket and Education in the Making of the British West Indies at the End of the 19th Century.  Kingston, Jamaica:  Ian Randle Publishers, 2006.

Seymour, A.J.  Edgar Mittelholzer the Man and his Work. The 1967 Edgar Mittelholzer Lectures.  Georgetown:  The National History and Arts Council, Ministry of Education, 1967.

——————.  Cultural Policy in Guyana.  Paris: UNESCO, 1977.

—————–. Studies of Ten Guyanese Poems. Georgetown:  Ministry of Education, Social Development, and Culture. 1982.

——————.  “The Guyana Prize,” KYK-Over-Al, No. 36, April 1987, pp. 59 – 62.

Seymour, Elma E.  Early Childhood Education in Guyana. Georgetown, 1982.

Shahabuddeen, M.  The Legal System of Guyana.  Self-published:  Guyana, 1973.

————————.  The Role of the Lawyer in a Developing Guyana.  Address delivered at Glim Society Seminar on 3rd June 1974, at the Critichlow Labour College, Georgetown, with two other Addresses.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Information and Culture, n.d.

————————-.  Towards Industrial Justice in Guyana.  Address delivered at the inaugural meeting of the Guyana Labour Code Commission on Sunday, August 25, 1975, at the Critichlow Labour College, Georgetown.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 1974.

————————.  Constitutional Development in Guyana 1621 – 1978.  Georgetown:  Self-published, 1978.

————————-.  From Plantocracy to Nationalisation.  A Profile of Sugar in Guyana.  Turkeyen:  University of Guyana, 1983.

————————-.  Slavery and Historiographical Rectification.  Opening Address at the International Round Table to mark the 150th Anniversary of the Abolition of Slavery in the English-speaking West Indies, which was held at the National Cultural Center, Georgetown, August 4 – 5, 1984.  Georgetown:  Guyana Commemoration Commission, 1984.

————————-.  Long Though the Night.  Two Speeches on the Human Condition in Southern Africa and Colonial Guyana.  Georgetown:  Ministry of Information, n.d. circa 1986.

Singh, Joseph.  Editor.  The Mataruki Trail:  The story of the British Guiana- Brazil Boundary Commission 1929 – 1939.  From the Manuscript of C. Arthur Hudson M.B.E.  Georgetown:  Sheik Hassan Productions, 2004.

—————–.  Growing up in British Guiana, 1945 -1964.  Georgetown:  Sheik Hassan Productions, 2011.

St. Pierre, M.  Anatomy of Resistance:  Anti-Colonialism in Guyana 1823 – 1966.  London:  McMillian Education, 1999.

Thomas, C.  The Poor and the Powerless:  Economic Policy and Change in the Caribbean.  New York:  Monthly Review Press, 1987.

Thomas, Desmond.  Electoral System Reform for a Diverse Nation.  The Case of Guyana.  Georgetown:  Self-published, 2019.

Thompson, Alvin. O.   Maroons of Guyana.  Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, c. 1750 – 1814.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1999.

————————–.  The Berbice Revolt, 1763 – 64.  Georgetown:  Free Press, 1999.

Tse-Tung, M.  Quotations from Chairman Mao-Tse-Tung:  The Little Red Book. China, ca. 1966.

Upper Mazaruni Road Project.  Hinterlands Roads Division.  Georgetown, 1979.

Williams, Eric.  “The Historical Background of British Guiana’s Problems.”  The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 30. No. 4 (Oct 1945), pp. 357 – 381.

Wills, F.  A Time for Action to Create a New International System.  Addresses by Cde. Fred R. Wills, S.C.  Georgetown:  Information Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Reset and Reprinted, 1976.

Women’s Revolutionary Socialist Movement.  Greeting and Messages from Fraternal & Guyanese Women’s Organizations Overseas.  Women’s Revolutionary Socialist Movement Third Biennial Convention, May 2 – 4, 1980, Sophia, Georgetown, Guyana, South America, Theme “Work and Win.” Georgetown: WRSM, 1980.

———————————————————.  Report of the Third Biennial Convention of the Women’s Revolutionary Socialist Movement Theme:  “Work and Win.”  Georgetown:  WRSM, 1980.

———————————————————-.  Guyana’s Rice Flour A Success Story.  Georgetown:  The Home Economics Sub-Committee of the Women’s Revolutionary Socialist Movement, June 1985.

—————————————————–.  Guyanese Women Making Things Work with Local Materials. Georgetown: attributed to WRSM, n.d.

Yansen, C. A.  Random Remarks on Creolese. Revised edition, Vols 1 and 2 combined.  Great Britain:  The Chameleon Press Ltd., 1993.